GASTRIC BOTOX

Obesity continues to be a serious health issue that is increasingly prevalent worldwide. Research is ongoing into various surgical techniques, drug treatments, and non-surgical endoscopic methods for controlling obesity. According to our current scientific data, surgical interventions remain the most effective and long-lasting treatment option for obesity.

Botulinum toxin is a toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum that causes temporary muscle relaxation. It has long been used in humans for strabismus, muscle dystonias, and cosmetic applications. Its effectiveness has been demonstrated in conditions like achalasia and anal fissures in the gastrointestinal system. It is thought that applying it to the stomach tissue could serve as a weight-loss method, as it delays gastric emptying.

Animal studies have shown that the application of Botox results in weight loss. When injected into the stomach tissue endoscopically, it has effects such as delayed gastric emptying and reduced appetite. However, human studies have yielded conflicting results. There are publications suggesting that Botox injections lead to weight loss, as well as others stating that they are ineffective. Its standalone weight loss effect has not been demonstrated. The weight loss rates achieved in some studies involving Botox applications are low and seem to be more dependent on the diet being followed.

The procedure’s relatively simple applicability, reversibility, lack of need for surgery, and very low rate of side effects have increased interest in this application. Generally, no serious side effects are observed. However, as the number of applications increases, a rise in complications has also been noted.

Regarding its use for indications outside obesity, the FDA has indicated that there could be side effects such as respiratory arrest and death. The doses used in gastric Botox applications range from 100 to 500 units. There is no consensus on the application area and technique for the stomach. Botulinum toxin is administered endoscopically into the gastric muscle tissue or submucosa. High doses may lead to the toxin entering the bloodstream and causing systemic side effects. Additionally, it is known that anatomical and technical misapplications can lead to various complications. Therefore, it is recommended that these procedures be performed by experienced individuals under appropriate conditions.

BOTULISM

Botulism is a type of poisoning caused by the toxin produced by the Clostridium botulinum bacterium. In humans, it usually manifests as food poisoning due to bacterial growth in improperly prepared canned foods and the toxins produced by the bacteria.

It can also occur after gastric Botox applications. A similar clinical picture may arise from high doses of the toxin. After high doses or inappropriate injections, the toxin enters systemic circulation and causes systemic effects. The toxin affects nerve-muscle communication, leading to muscle weakness and paralysis. As a result, the following symptoms may occur:

• Blurred or double vision
• Dry mouth
• Difficulty speaking and swallowing
• Decreased heart rate
• Low blood pressure
• Difficulty breathing
• Muscle weakness
• Unexpected skin color changes
• Sweating disorders
• Abdominal pain
• Nausea, vomiting, and constipation

If these symptoms are observed in patients following gastric Botox application, they should seek medical attention as soon as possible. Treatment involves antitoxin administration and supportive care.